• Review

    A Review of Biodegradation Mechanisms and Evaluation Methods for Biobased Materials: Polysaccharides, Lignin, and Biopolyesters
    Soojin Kwon
    With increasing concerns over plastic waste, biobased materials have emerged as promising alternatives due to their renewable origin and potential biodegradability. However, … + READ MORE
    With increasing concerns over plastic waste, biobased materials have emerged as promising alternatives due to their renewable origin and potential biodegradability. However, biodegradation varies significantly depending on material composition, structural properties, and environmental conditions. This review explores the biodegradation characteristics of biobased materials, focusing on the key factors influencing their degradation processes. The discussion covers the general biodegradation mechanisms of biobased materials and the role of microbial and enzymatic activity. Structural properties such as crystallinity and polymer composition play a crucial role in determining degradation rates. Additionally, environmental factors, including temperature, moisture, and microbial communities, further impact biodegradability. A comprehensive understanding of these aspects is essential for optimizing material performance and sustainability. This review is expected to provide insights that support the development of biodegradable biobased materials for applications in packaging, textiles, and other sustainable industries. - COLLAPSE
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    30 April 2025

  • Original Paper

    Simple Fabrication of a Sandwiched Bacterial Cellulose/Carbon Nanotube Supercapacitor
    Dayeon Yoo, Jinho Hyun
    It describes the fabrication of a bacterial cellulose (BC)/carbon nanotube (CNT) composite using a simple diffusion method. The diffusion distance of CNT … + READ MORE
    It describes the fabrication of a bacterial cellulose (BC)/carbon nanotube (CNT) composite using a simple diffusion method. The diffusion distance of CNT to BC is influenced by the concentrations of CNT and hexadecyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB). Zeta potential of BC increases with the CTAB concentration, which facilitates the diffusion of CNT into the BC network by widening the space between BC fibers. The performance of the BC/CNT composites as a supercapacitor is demonstrated by electrochemical characterizations such as electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, cyclic voltammetry and galvanostatic charge-discharge measurements. - COLLAPSE
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    30 April 2025

  • Original Paper

    Preparation of Biobased Porous Hydrogels by Citric Acid Grafted Polyacrylic Acid for Rare Earth Elements Separation
    Bo He, Wenchao Xiang, Wenjing Li, Ming He, Liangrong Yang, Chao Yang, Guihua Yang
    Rare earth elements (REEs) are essential for advanced technologies such as energy, electronics, and aerospace. Efficient separation of REEs is critical for … + READ MORE
    Rare earth elements (REEs) are essential for advanced technologies such as energy, electronics, and aerospace. Efficient separation of REEs is critical for the full utilization of natural limited resources. To obtain biobased absorbents with large adsorption capacity, high selectivity, and good reusability, a larger surface area and functionalized surface of absorbents are required. In this work, the porous PAA-CA (citric acid-grafted polyacrylic acid) hydrogels were prepared using a high internal phase emulsion templating method. The physical and chemical properties of PAA-CA were characterized by FTIR, XPS, and SEM. The influence of pH, temperature, initial concentration, and contact time on the adsorption capacity of Pr3+ (light REE) and Er3+ (heavy REE) was investigated and analyzed. The results show that PAA-CA hydrogels exhibited good adsorption performance with a better adsorption capacity for Er3+ of around 400 mg/g. The adsorption process was pH-dependent, with optimal adsorption at pH = 3–7. Kinetic studies revealed that the adsorption followed a pseudo-second-order model, while thermodynamic analyses confirmed the process was spontaneous and endothermic. PAA-CA exhibited good selectivity for Er3+ in a binary ion system, especially containing K+ or Fe3+. Furthermore, the hydrogels retained high adsorption capacities across 10 adsorption-desorption cycles, highlighting their excellent reusability. These results suggest that porous PAA-CA hydrogels are promising materials for the selective recovery of REEs from aqueous solutions. - COLLAPSE
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    30 April 2025

  • Original Paper

    Effect of PVA-Boric Acid Strengthening Agents on the Properties of Foam-formed Sheets

    PVA-붕산 지력증강제가 폼포밍 시트의 물성에 미치는 영향

    Gwon-Hui Park, Byoung-Uk Cho

    박권희, 조병욱

    Foam forming technology is a sheet or mold forming process that uses liquid foam instead of water, allowing for high consistency forming, … + READ MORE
    Foam forming technology is a sheet or mold forming process that uses liquid foam instead of water, allowing for high consistency forming, improved dewatering, enhanced formation, and the production of low density materials. However, foam-formed sheet generally has lower strength compared to water-based sheet. Therefore, to increase the applicability of foam forming technology, methods to improve sheet strength need to be developed. In this study, the effects of the chemical addition sequence of SDS, PVA, and crosslinkers, as well as the PVA-to-crosslinker ratio and the amount of PVA or PVA-boric acid on the physical properties of foam-formed sheets, were investigated. The results indicate that the optimum chemical addition sequence involves first generating fiber foam with SDS, followed by the sequential addition of PVA and borate. The most effective PVA-to-crosslinker ratio was determined to be 95:5, with boric acid selected as the optimal crosslinker. Increasing the dosage of PVA or PVA-boric acid resulted in an increase in bulk but a decrease in tensile strength in foam-formed sheets. However, the combination of PVA and boric acid improved tensile strength by 25–35% compared to PVA alone at the same dosage level. In addition, at equivalent bulk levels, the tensile strength of the PVA-boric acid system remained higher than that of PVA alone. These results suggest that the combined use of PVA and boric acid as strength additives can simultaneously improve the bulk and tensile strength of foam-formed sheets, enabling the development of low density materials with improved mechanical properties. - COLLAPSE
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    30 April 2025

  • Original Paper

    Enhancing the Hydrophobicity of Cellulose Beads through ASA Treatment

    ASA 처리에 의한 셀룰로오스 비즈의 소수성 향상

    Minseok Jang, Byoung-Uk Cho

    장민석, 조병욱

    Hydrophobic cellulose beads were successfully prepared by immersing cellulose beads in an alkenyl succinic anhydride (ASA) solution for surface modification. The cellulose … + READ MORE
    Hydrophobic cellulose beads were successfully prepared by immersing cellulose beads in an alkenyl succinic anhydride (ASA) solution for surface modification. The cellulose beads were fabricated by dissolving hardwood bleached kraft pulp (HwBKP) in a tetraethylammonium hydroxide (TEAH)/urea solvent, followed by a dropping method to produce spherical structures. FT-IR analysis confirmed the formation of covalent ester bonds between ASA and cellulose, as evidenced by the disappearance of anhydride peaks and the appearance of new ester peaks. Compared to untreated cellulose beads, ASA-treated beads exhibited reduced water absorption capacity, while their oil absorption capacity was increased. Furthermore, the ASA-treated beads showed enhanced wet strength, as indicated by lower deformation under shear stress after swelling in water, indicating successful hydrophobic modification. These results suggest that ASA treatment by immersion is an effective approach for fabricating hydrophobic cellulose beads. - COLLAPSE
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    30 April 2025

  • Original Paper

    Effect of Lignin Polyol Incorporation on the Properties and Flame Retardancy of Polyurethane Foam

    리그닌 폴리올 도입이 폴리우레탄 폼의 물성 및 난연성에 미치는 영향

    Ji Won Heo, Won Hyeok Jang, Young Bin Cho, Si Hyeon Lim, Yong Sik Kim

    허지원, 장원혁, 조영빈, 임시현, 김용식

    This study investigates the potential of lignin as a partial polyol replacement in polyurethane (PU) foam production and evaluates the impact of … + READ MORE
    This study investigates the potential of lignin as a partial polyol replacement in polyurethane (PU) foam production and evaluates the impact of varying lignin content on the foam’s physical and chemical properties. Lignin-based polyurethane (LPU) foam were successfully fabricated with different lignin contents, and FT-IR, XPS, and EA analyses confirmed the formation of urethane bonds between lignin and PU. As lignin content increased, the reactivity of the PU network changed, significantly impacting the foam’s properties. Contact angle measurements revealed that the higher the lignin content, the more hydrophobic the foam, indicating lignin’s role in enhancing the foam’s water resistance. Additionally, compressive strength improved as lignin content increased, suggesting lignin’s reinforcing effect within the PU matrix. The foam’s thermal stability and flame resistance were also positively affected, with higher lignin content enhancing flame-retardant performance. These results demonstrate that lignin is a promising sustainable polyol alternative, offering improved mechanical, thermal, and flame-retardant properties for PU foams. Furthermore, this study suggests that LPU foams with tunable properties can be applied in a wide range of fields, contributing to the development of more eco-friendly and functional materials. - COLLAPSE
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    30 April 2025

  • Original Paper

    Effects of Self-Organized Pore Formation Conditions on the Properties of Porous Cellulose Film

    자기-조직적 공극 형성 조건이 셀룰로오스 기반 다공성 필름 특성에 미치는 영향

    Min Ji Kim, Yun Yeong Kwak, Jin Ho Seo

    김민지, 곽윤영, 서진호

    Porous membranes are widely used in separation, purification, biomedical applications, and biosensors, most of which are derived from petrochemical-based polymers. However, growing … + READ MORE
    Porous membranes are widely used in separation, purification, biomedical applications, and biosensors, most of which are derived from petrochemical-based polymers. However, growing concerns about environmental pollution have led to increased demand for the development of porous membranes from biomass-based, eco-friendly polymers. In this study, porous cellulose films were fabricated by blending cellulose acetate butyrate (CAB) with polyethylene glycol (PEG) using the Breath Figure self-assembly technique. The effects of CAB molecular weight and relative humidity on the pore structure and mechanical properties of the films were investigated. An increase in CAB molecular weight led to increased porosity, pore size, density, and tensile strength. Furthermore, higher relative humidity enhanced pore formation but led to a decrease in tensile strength. These results suggest that the pore size and distribution of the films can be effectively controlled by adjusting the CAB molecular weight and relative humidity using the Breath Figure self-assembly technique. - COLLAPSE
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    30 April 2025

  • Original Paper

    A Study on the Feasibility of Replacing Conductive Materials with Carbonized Wood

    탄화목을 활용한 전도성 물질 대체 가능성 연구

    Yun Yeong Kwak, Min Ji Kim, Jin Ho Seo

    곽윤영, 김민지, 서진호

    The increasing incidence of wildfires has resulted in a substantial accumulation of wildfire-charred wood, most of which remains underutilized. This study investigated … + READ MORE
    The increasing incidence of wildfires has resulted in a substantial accumulation of wildfire-charred wood, most of which remains underutilized. This study investigated the potential of carbonized wood as a conductive material by fabricating conductive paper using wood carbonized at 1,000°C for 1 hour and multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs). FE-SEM analysis showed that a higher content of charred wood resulted in irregular particle formation, disrupting the MWCNT network. FT-IR analysis confirmed modifications in functional groups, while surface resistance measurements showed increased electrical resistance and reduced electrical conductivity with higher charred wood content. However, additional dip coating cycles improved electrical conductivity by improving material contacts and electron transport pathways. These results indicate that wildfire-charred wood is a promising candidate for conductive applications and provide valuable insights into optimizing material composition for improved performance. - COLLAPSE
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    30 April 2025
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