About This Journal
About This Journal
Journal of Korea TAPPI (or ‘Palpuchongi Gisul’, abbr. ‘J. of Korea TAPPI, herein ‘KTAPPI’; ISSN: 0253-3200 ) was launched in 1969 to provides advance the scientific knowledge and to share the novel technologies in all related area of pulp, paper and biomass utilization. KTAPPI is published in English and Korean, bimonthly on the last day of even number months (February 28, April 30, June 30, August 30, October 30 and December 30), and indexed in ‘SCPOUS.
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General
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Development of Mycelium-based Vegan Leather: Enhancing Sustainability through Papermaking Process
균사체 기반 비건 가죽 소재 개발: 제지 공정을 통한 지속 가능성 강화
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Yoon-hyuck Choi, Seungmin Han, Sangsu Lee, Mingi Hong, Wanhee Im
최윤혁, 한승민, 이상수, 홍민기, 임완희
- Mycelium-based vegan leather is emerging as a sustainable alternative to traditional animal and synthetic leather, addressing key environmental and ethical issues associated …
- Mycelium-based vegan leather is emerging as a sustainable alternative to traditional animal and synthetic leather, addressing key environmental and ethical issues associated with these materials. Integrating papermaking processes into the production of mycelium-based vegan leather can serve as a critical method for improving scalability, uniformity, and mechanical performance. Additionally, papermaking processes can be utilized as a major manufacturing method since they allow control over physical properties such as flexibility and mechanical strength of mycelium-based biomass sheets by adjusting their basis weight and density. The production of mycelium-based vegan leather through papermaking processes has the potential to evolve into a sustainable and scalable alternative across various industries, including fashion and automotive. This review, therefore, discusses the challenges of traditional leather materials, the characteristics of various raw materials for vegan leather production, and particularly, the advantages of mushroom mycelium-based leather produced using papermaking processes. Finally, it outlines future research directions for the development of this material. - COLLAPSE
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Development of Mycelium-based Vegan Leather: Enhancing Sustainability through Papermaking Process
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Research Article
- Numerical Study on Outflow Unevenness in a Rectangle-tapered Distributor with Branch Pipe
- Wang Peng, Zheng Mingliang
- This study focused on the rectangle-tapered distributor with a Baines-type total tube and a branch pipe for the hydraulic headbox of a …
- This study focused on the rectangle-tapered distributor with a Baines-type total tube and a branch pipe for the hydraulic headbox of a paper machine, examining its behavior and performance. Firstly, the geometric model was establwashed by UG softwwere; Secondly, the velocity, pressure and mass flow distribution of branch pipe in the distributor were numerically simulated in ANSYS-CFX based on the turbulence theory with Reynolds averaged N-S equations and RNG k - ε two equations, and then the influence of backflow (recirculating flow) and branch length were also simulated; Finally, a new type of complementary distributor was proposed. The results show that: there was flow unevenness in the rectangle-tapered distributor with branch pipe, there was vortex cavity at the branch inlet, the maximum and minimum of branch mass flow were at the backflow end and the inlet end of the total tube. Within the range of this study, when the inlet flow rate was 4 m·s-1 and branch diameter was 19.6 mm, the effect of pulp dwastributing was the best when the backflow was 12.5% and the branch length was 150 mm. Meanwhile, the pulp of the new type of distributor was fully mixed in the mixing chamber, which effectively reduce the outflow unevenness of branch pipe. - COLLAPSE
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Research Article
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Impact of Cellulases Treatment on Pulp Refining Process in Papermaking Process
셀룰라아제 처리가 펄프 리파이닝에 미치는 영향
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Yoon-Hyuck Choi, Won-Gyeom Shin, Soo-Jeong Shin
최윤혁, 신원겸, 신수정
- Refining is one of the most energy-intensive processes in papermaking, making efficiency improvements and energy reduction critical challenges. To address this issue, …
- Refining is one of the most energy-intensive processes in papermaking, making efficiency improvements and energy reduction critical challenges. To address this issue, enzymatic pre-treatment was explored using pure cellulase (Celluclast® 1.5 L) and a cellulase-xylanase enzyme blend (Viscoflow® MG) to modify pulp surface properties and enhance refining performance. In this study, bleached hardwood kraft pulp was pre-treated with enzymes at concentrations of 1.0, 2.0, and 4.0 IU at 50°C for 60 minutes. The effects of enzymatic pre-treatment were assessed by measuring freeness using the Canadian Standard Freeness (CSF) method and evaluating paper strength properties, including tensile and tear indices. Additionally, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was used to examine surface modifications in the pulp following enzymatic treatment. The results demonstrated that both enzyme treatments effectively reduced refining time, with pure cellulase-treated pulp achieving the target freeness more rapidly than pulp treated with the enzyme mixture. In terms of paper strength, the tensile index increased by up to 7.6% for pure cellulase-treated pulp and up to 12.4% for pulp treated with the enzyme blend. However, the tear index showed a decreasing trend for pure cellulase-treated pulp, whereas in the enzyme mixture group, it increased at lower concentrations (1 IU and 2 IU) but declined at higher concentrations (4 IU). SEM analysis confirmed significant structural modifications in the pulp surface after enzymatic pre-treatment. In conclusion, pure cellulase pre-treatment (Celluclast® 1.5 L) was found to be more effective in reducing refining energy consumption compared to the cellulase-xylanase blend (Viscoflow® MG). Furthermore, the physical properties of the resulting paper varied depending on the type and concentration of the enzyme applied, highlighting the importance of optimizing enzymatic pre-treatment conditions for enhanced refining efficiency and improved paper quality. - COLLAPSE
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Impact of Cellulases Treatment on Pulp Refining Process in Papermaking Process
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Research Article
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Optimization of Manufacturing Conditions for Radiation-Crosslinked Hydrogels -Part 2: Investigation of Optimal Conditions Using Response Surface Methodology-
방사선 가교 기반 하이드로겔의 제조 조건 최적화 연구 -제 2보: 반응표면분석법을 이용한 최적 조건 탐색-
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Sa Rang Choi, So Yeong Park, Hyeon Ji Im, Jin-hyeong Kim, Jung Myoung Lee
최사랑, 박소영, 임현지, 김진형, 이중명
- Electron beam crosslinking is a highly efficient technique that forms crosslinked structures without harmful chemical crosslinkers or catalysts, eliminating the need for …
- Electron beam crosslinking is a highly efficient technique that forms crosslinked structures without harmful chemical crosslinkers or catalysts, eliminating the need for additional washing or sterilization. This makes it time- and energy-efficient. In this study, hydrogels were successfully prepared using carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC), a material with excellent hydrophilicity, biodegradability, and non-toxicity, and citric acid (CA), a natural polymer, as a crosslinking agent through electron beam irradiation. To determine optimal mixing conditions, response surface analysis was conducted using the central composite design (CCD) methodology. Results showed that CMC had the most significant impact on the water absorption performance of hydrogels. Excessively low (4.2wt%) or high (9.8wt%) CMC concentrations reduced water absorption. The regression model demonstrated high reliability with an R2 value of 0.91. Based on the response model, optimal conditions for hydrogel preparation were identified as 9.17wt% CMC and 2.92wt% CA. Under these conditions, the predicted water absorption was approximately 79.5 g/g. Validation experiments confirmed these findings, with actual water absorption at 83.8 g/g, showing a +5% error rate. This study provides a predictive model for estimating water absorption based on specific CMC and CA concentrations. - COLLAPSE
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Optimization of Manufacturing Conditions for Radiation-Crosslinked Hydrogels -Part 2: Investigation of Optimal Conditions Using Response Surface Methodology-
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Research Article
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Evaluation of Filter Press Performance for Extracting Lignin from Acid-based Black Liquor
산성 흑액 내 리그닌 분리를 위한 필터프레스 성능 평가
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Hyeon Ji Im, Sa Rang Choi, Jung Myoung Lee
임현지, 최사랑, 이중명
- Lignin, extracted from the black liquor of the pulping process, is one of abundant renewable biopolymers and is considered a potential alternative …
- Lignin, extracted from the black liquor of the pulping process, is one of abundant renewable biopolymers and is considered a potential alternative to petroleum-based compounds. Currently, research focusing on the utilization of technical lignin is increasing, leading to a growing demand for lignin for commercial applications. Therefore, research on efficient dehydration to obtain lignin from black liquor with a simple pretreatment process is essential. This study used fast and simple mechanical dehydration in a filter press as an alternative to efficiently isolate lignin from black liquor. An acidic black liquor was used as the feedstock, which does not require a pH adjustment process, unlike the alkaline black liquor coming out of the kraft pulping process. As a result, a high degree of lignin purity (87.2‒89.2%) can be extracted, which is comparable to technical lignin. Furthermore, the molecular weight and polydispersity of the extracted lignin are constant, regardless of whether it is washed, which supports the performance of the filter press and filter cloth used in this study to produce homogeneous lignin. These findings demonstrate the potential of the filter press dewatering process for commercial-scale lignin production. - COLLAPSE
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Evaluation of Filter Press Performance for Extracting Lignin from Acid-based Black Liquor
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Research Article
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Evaluation of Enhanced Lignin Acetylation Efficiency via Ultrasonication Treatment
초음파 전처리에 따른 리그닌 아세틸화 반응 효율 향상 평가
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Na Young Kang, Do Young Lee, Hyoung Jin Kim
강나영, 이도영, 김형진
- Lignin acetylation is a time-consuming process, and long reaction times often lead to the cleavage of ester bond of lignin, resulting in …
- Lignin acetylation is a time-consuming process, and long reaction times often lead to the cleavage of ester bond of lignin, resulting in a decrease in the degree of substitution (DS). To improve the efficiency of the lignin acetylation process, an eco-friendly ultrasonication pre-treatment was applied. The degree of substitution of acetyl groups was measured using IR spectroscopy to evaluate and compare the reaction efficiency. The optimal ultrasonication treatment time for controlling lignin particle size was determined to be 60 min, with an average particle size of 13.9 µm. In the case of acetylation of ultrasonicated lignin, the DS of aromatic and aliphatic acetyl groups increased by 17.8% and 36.1%, respectively, compared to untreated lignin, reaching values of 2.05 and 4.6. Notably, there was no reduction in DS due to reverse reactions, even with extended reaction times. Therefore, ultrasonication treatment can be applied as an environment friendly process to reduce particle size and increase specific surface area without catalysts and chemical treatment, thereby enhancing the efficiency of derivative reactions. - COLLAPSE
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Evaluation of Enhanced Lignin Acetylation Efficiency via Ultrasonication Treatment
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Research Article
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Preparation and Characterization of Lignin-Based Electrospun Fibers
리그닌 기반 전기방사 섬유 제조 및 특성
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Sa Rang Choi, So Yeong Park, Hyeon Ji Im, Young Soo Lee, Jung Myoung Lee
최사랑, 박소영, 임현지, 이영수, 이중명
- Lignin, a byproduct of the pulping process, is an eco-friendly material that can potentially replace petroleum-based polymers and can be fabricated into …
- Lignin, a byproduct of the pulping process, is an eco-friendly material that can potentially replace petroleum-based polymers and can be fabricated into nanocomposite fibers through electrospinning. This study explored the electrospinning of lignin/poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO) blends using two different lignin sources: softwood kraft lignin (SL) and bamboo organosolv lignin (BL). The effects of PEO content (3–6 wt%) and lignin type on solution properties and fiber formation were investigated. The viscosity of the spinning solutions increased with higher PEO content, and BL solutions exhibited higher viscosity than SL solutions under the same conditions. The fiber diameter increased with the PEO content, regardless of the lignin type, with diameters ranging from 320 to 878 nm. At the same PEO concentration, BL-based fibers exhibited larger diameters than SL-based fibers. Furthermore, when the PEO content exceeded 5 wt%, uniform, and bead-free nanofibers were successfully formed. These research findings demonstrate the potential for lignin-based nanofiber production. When utilizing bamboo organosolv lignin, it is expected that the amount of PEO additive can be reduced compared to softwood kraft lignin - COLLAPSE
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Preparation and Characterization of Lignin-Based Electrospun Fibers
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Research Article
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Fundamental Study on the Manufacture of Eco-friendly Super-absorbent Polymers Using Cellulose Nanofibers
셀룰로오스 나노섬유를 이용한 친환경 고흡수성 수지 제조를 위한 기초 연구
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Ji Hyun Tak, Min Seo Kim, Ji Young Lee
탁지현, 김민서, 이지영
- Super-absorbent polymers (SAPs) are materials with excellent ability to absorb and retain hundreds of times their weight in water with a three-dimensional …
- Super-absorbent polymers (SAPs) are materials with excellent ability to absorb and retain hundreds of times their weight in water with a three-dimensional structure and are used in various fields such as personal hygiene, agriculture, and medicine. The SAP currently in commercial use uses acrylic acid, petrochemical polymers, as its main raw material, and has the disadvantage of having negative environmental impacts such as emitting hazardous gases and global warming when disposed of after use. In this study, carboxymethylated cellulose nanofibers (CM-CNFs) were made from cotton linter mixed pulp (CLMP) and hardwood bleached kraft pulp (Hw-BKP) to replace the commercial petrochemical SAP with an eco-friendly SAP, and hydroxyethyl cellulose (HEC) was added to make the eco-friendly SAP. To analyze the characteristics of the prepared SAP, the water absorption and gel content were measured to evaluate its potential use as an SAP, and the characteristics of two types of SAP made from different raw materials were compared to evaluate the potential use of CLMP. CLMP showed the maximum absorption when 10% HEC was added to CM-CNFs, and Hw-BKP showed the maximum absorption when 30% HEC was added. Both types of pulp showed water absorption of about 100 times, and the water absorption and gel content of CLMP were higher than those of Hw-BKP. Therefore, it was confirmed that the performance of the eco-friendly SAP was the best when CM-CNFs made from CLMP and 10% HEC was added. - COLLAPSE
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Fundamental Study on the Manufacture of Eco-friendly Super-absorbent Polymers Using Cellulose Nanofibers
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Research Article
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Effect of Thermal Conductivity of Heating Roll on Gas Grafting of Paper by Palmitoyl Chloride
압착가열 롤의 열전도율이 염화팔미토일과 종이의 기상 그라프트 반응에 미치는 영향
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Ha Un You, Kyoung-Hwa Choi, Kwang Seob Lee, Jeong-Yong Ryu
유하운, 최경화, 이광섭, 류정용
- Through the gas grafting reaction of palmitoyl chloride, the hydroxyl groups in the pulp fibers can be replaced with alkyl chains, thereby …
- Through the gas grafting reaction of palmitoyl chloride, the hydroxyl groups in the pulp fibers can be replaced with alkyl chains, thereby imparting water resistance to the paper. During the gas graft reaction of palmitoyl chloride through hot pressing, it is essential to ensure sufficient heat transfer from the heating roll to the paper before the evaporated palmitoyl chloride dissipates. Therefore, it was expected that a heating roll with higher thermal conductivity would be beneficial for increasing the grafting efficiency. Copper or graphite plates have higher thermal conductivity than the previously used aluminum oxide plates. This study investigated whether using copper and graphite as pressing plates during hot pressing could improve the grafting efficiency of palmitoyl chloride by increasing thermal conductivity of hot press. However, in the case of copper plates, the thermal conductivity decreased due to the formation of copper chloride as a side reaction with hydrochloric acid, and the grafting efficiency was not improved. The graphite plates used in this study were too thick, leading to low heat capacity, which prevented any improvement in grafting efficiency by increasing the thermal conductivity of the heating surface. Further research is needed to find heating roll materials with high thermal conductivity to enable faster grafting of paper and fatty acid chloride. - COLLAPSE
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Effect of Thermal Conductivity of Heating Roll on Gas Grafting of Paper by Palmitoyl Chloride
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Research Article
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Exploration of Cellulose-based Cross-linker for Manufacturing Eco-friendly Superabsorbent Polymer
친환경 고흡수성 수지 제조를 위한 셀룰로오스 기반 가교제 탐색
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Ji Hyun Tak, Min Seo Kim, Ji Young Lee
탁지현, 김민서, 이지영
- Super-absorbent polymer is an insoluble and hydrophilic material with a three-dimensional network structure that can absorb hundreds of times its weight in …
- Super-absorbent polymer is an insoluble and hydrophilic material with a three-dimensional network structure that can absorb hundreds of times its weight in water. Various petrochemical polymers have been used as raw materials for manufacturing commercial SAPs. In particular, most commercialized SAPs use petrochemical polymers as cross-linking agents, which makes SAPs non-biodegradable. Therefore, it is necessary to replace petrochemical cross-linkers with eco-friendly cross-linkers to develop eco-friendly SAPs. In this study, eco-friendly SAPs were prepared, and their functionality was evaluated to determine the possibility of using quaternary aminated cellulose nanofiber (Q-CNFs) as a cross-linker. Carboxymethylated CNF was used as the primary absorbent, and hydroxyethyl cellulose (HEC) was used for additional cross-linking. Q-CNFs and CM-CNF were made from cotton linter mixed pulp (CLMP) and hardwood bleached kraft pulp (Hw-BKP). Eco-friendly SAPs were prepared by varying the mixing ratios of these three materials, and then their water absorption and gel content were measured. There was no significant difference depending on the dosage of Q-CNFs made from Hw-BKP, but the gel content gradually increased as Q-CNFs made from CLMP were added. When Q-CNFs were not added, the gel content was 77.9%, but the gel content increased to 83.6% when 15% of Q-CNFs were added. Therefore, it was confirmed that Q-CNF made from CLMP could be utilized as a cross-linker for producing eco-friendly SAPs. - COLLAPSE
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Exploration of Cellulose-based Cross-linker for Manufacturing Eco-friendly Superabsorbent Polymer
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Research Article
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Evaluation of Deterioration Characteristics of Hanji Colored with Pigments for Traditional Buddhist Paintings
전통 불화용 안료 채색 한지의 열화 특성 평가
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Yu-Ju Lee, Tae-Ho Choi
이유주, 최태호
- The coloring technique in traditional Buddhist paintings involves applying animal glue size to the base material and then mixing pigments with a …
- The coloring technique in traditional Buddhist paintings involves applying animal glue size to the base material and then mixing pigments with a binder to create diverse colors. The base materials used for these paintings include silk, hemp, cotton, and Hanji (traditional Korean paper). Among these, Hanji was widely utilized both as a base material for painting and as a backing paper for artworks made on silk, hemp, or cotton, making it the most commonly used material. Hanji is made from the bast fibers of paper mulberry and a natural dispersant called Dakpul. While it is a highly durable neutral paper, the Hanji used in Buddhist paintings undergoes degradation due to the adhesives and pigments applied to it. This study aimed to analyze the causes of damage to Hanji in traditional Buddhist paintings based on the types of pigments used. Samples were prepared by applying animal glue size to Hanji and coloring them with natural mineral pigments, including cinnabar (Jinsa), malachite (Seokrok), azurite (Seokcheong), orpiment (Seokhwang), and lead white (Yeonbaek). An accelerated aging test was conducted to evaluate the effects of various glue and alum mixing ratios during the sizing process, as well as the type of pigments, on the tensile strength of the paper. The tensile strength of glue-sized Hanji decreased with low glue content and high alum content. Conversely, the tensile strength increased with high glue content and low alum content. Pigmented Hanji generally exhibited higher tensile strength than did glue-sized Hanji alone, regardless of the glue-to-alum ratio. Among the pigmented samples, those colored with malachite and azurite showed poorer tensile strength compared to those colored with lead white, cinnabar, and orpiment, with higher rates of tensile strength reduction observed. - COLLAPSE
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Evaluation of Deterioration Characteristics of Hanji Colored with Pigments for Traditional Buddhist Paintings
Journal of Korea TAPPI
