About This Journal
About This Journal
Journal of Korea TAPPI (or ‘Palpuchongi Gisul’, abbr. ‘J. of Korea TAPPI, herein ‘KTAPPI’; ISSN: 0253-3200 ) was launched in 1969 to provides advance the scientific knowledge and to share the novel technologies in all related area of pulp, paper and biomass utilization. KTAPPI is published in English and Korean, bimonthly on the last day of even number months (February 28, April 30, June 30, August 30, October 30 and December 30), and indexed in ‘SCPOUS.
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Research Article
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Evaluation of the Quality of Commercial Fruit Bags for Developing Export-grade Mango Fruit Bag Base Papers
수출용 신규 망고봉지 원지 개발을 위한 국내외 상업용 과일봉지의 품질 평가
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Sung Gyu Park, Ji Hyun Tak, Min Seo Kim, Ji Soo Lee, Ji Young Lee, Jun Sik Ha
박성규, 탁지현, 김민서, 이지수, 이지영, 하준식
- In this study, we compared the qualities of overseas mango bags used in Southeast Asia and domestic fruit bags to induce the …
- In this study, we compared the qualities of overseas mango bags used in Southeast Asia and domestic fruit bags to induce the strategy of the development of export-grade mango bag base papers. Five types of overseas mango bags, three domestic pear bags, and the prototype base paper of mango bags manufactured by a Korean paper mill were collected. The collected fruit bags were separated into outer and inner base papers. Then, their basis weight, wet tensile strength, air permeability, opacity, light scattering coefficient and water repellency were measured. The outer and inner base papers of overseas and domestic fruit bags did not show significantly different basis weight. The wet tensile strength and air permeability of domestic pear bags and the prototype were not inferior to those of overseas mango bags, which confirmed that further improvement in these qualities was not required. However, since the prototype's opacity and light scattering coefficient were lower than those of overseas mango bags' outer and inner base papers, it was necessary to improve the prototype's light-blocking properties and water resistance. Therefore, it was concluded that the base papers' light-absorbing properties and water repellency should be effectively enhanced to develop export-grade mango bag base paper that could be used in Taiwan and Southeast Asia. - COLLAPSE
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Evaluation of the Quality of Commercial Fruit Bags for Developing Export-grade Mango Fruit Bag Base Papers
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Research Article
- An Analysis of Exchange Rate Pass-Through in the Industries of Paper and Paper Products in Korea
- Seung-Nyeon Kim, Young-Wan Goo
- This study employs an error correction model with a cointegrated relationship to evaluate the effects of exchange rates, foreign prices, and shipment …
- This study employs an error correction model with a cointegrated relationship to evaluate the effects of exchange rates, foreign prices, and shipment gaps on domestic producer prices for paper and paper products. The analysis reveals that long-run exchange rate pass-through is 0.538 for paper and 0.388 for paper products, while short-run pass-through is 0.161 and 0.273, respectively. Exchange rate pass-through is significant during periods of currency depreciation (0.231 for paper and 0.419 for paper products) but insignificant during appreciation. These results indicate that the impact of exchange rates on domestic prices increases over time and is more pronounced during depreciation, highlighting the need for effective exchange rate risk management in the paper industry. - COLLAPSE
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Research Article
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Analysis on the effects of Clean Competition Act on the Primary Paper Industry of Korea
미국 청정경쟁법 도입이 제지산업의 수출 비용에 미치는 영향
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Ho Sang Lee, Dong Hyun Kim, Jin Ho Seo
이호상, 김동현, 서진호
- The U.S. government plans to implement the Clean Competition Act (CCA) as a trade policy from 2025 to reduce carbon emissions from …
- The U.S. government plans to implement the Clean Competition Act (CCA) as a trade policy from 2025 to reduce carbon emissions from manufacturing in order to decarbonize the industrial sector. Since the paper industry is one of the 12 targeted sectors, domestic paper manufacturers and the government must proactively prepare for its implications. This study analyzes the impact of the U.S. Clean Competition Act on South Korean paper product exports and forecasts the additional costs associated with a carbon tax. Notably, the U.S. imports approximately one-sixth of South Korea's paper product exports, and South Korea's current carbon intensity stands at 0.167 tCO2eq/t lower than that of the U.S. However, according to the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) scenarios, additional carbon taxes may be implemented in 2030 and 2025 under the scenarios in which global temperatures rise by 2°C and remain below 2°C, respectively. Specifically, the projected additional carbon tax could reach approximately $5,621,380 by 2050. Given that the paper industry is a significant source of greenhouse gas emissions, it is imperative for this sector to urgently reduce emissions during production. To effectively address these challenges, the industry must focus on transitioning to eco-friendly production methods that enhance energy and resource efficiency, rather than merely investing in new facilities. Furthermore, government support is essential for research, development, and dissemination of greenhouse gas reduction technologies and process improvements. - COLLAPSE
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Analysis on the effects of Clean Competition Act on the Primary Paper Industry of Korea
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Research Article
- Effect of Moisture Contents of Raw Materials on the Dimensional Properties of Thermomechanical Pulp Fibers
- Hyeong-Hun Park, Chul-Hwan Kim, Tae-Gyeong Lee, Ju-Hyun Park, Min-Sik Park, Jae-Sang Lee, Sung-Hyeon Jeong
- This study examines the effects of moisture content on the fiber dimensions, fines fraction, and shive content of wood chips during Thermomechanical …
- This study examines the effects of moisture content on the fiber dimensions, fines fraction, and shive content of wood chips during Thermomechanical Pulping (TMP). The pine chips, stored at ambient temperature for 30 days to allow their moisture content to adjust naturally, experienced a significant decrease in moisture content from 81% to 3.1%, with the most rapid reduction occurring in the first 15 days. Correspondingly, the fines fraction increased from 1.9% to 5.5%, indicating greater fiber breakage due to increased brittleness. The length-weighted fiber length decreased from 1.83 mm to 1.42 mm as moisture content reduced, suggesting shorter and potentially weaker fibers. The shive content decreased slightly from 44.2% to 42%, indicating improved fiber separation with lower moisture content. These findings underscore the importance of controlling the moisture content of wood chips in the TMP process to optimize pulp quality, minimize fines generation, and enhance energy efficiency. The results provide valuable insights for industries relying on wood chips, enabling them to optimize their processes for better efficiency and product quality. - COLLAPSE
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Research Article
- Characterization of Thermomechanical Pulping Using Mixed Wood Chips from Pinewood Nematode-Infected Forests
- Hyeong-Hun Park, Tae-Gyeong Lee, Ju-Hyun Park, Min-Sik Park, Jae-Sang Lee, Sung-Hyeon Jeong, Chul-Hwan Kim
- This study evaluated the use of mixed wood chips from nematode-infected forests for thermomechanical pulp (TMP) production, compared to traditional pine chips …
- This study evaluated the use of mixed wood chips from nematode-infected forests for thermomechanical pulp (TMP) production, compared to traditional pine chips from Pinus densiflora. The mixed chips showed higher holocellulose and lower lignin content, suggesting improved yield and refining efficiency, though increased extractives and ash content may pose challenges. Despite these issues, the mixed chips enhanced stock throughput and reduced energy consumption during refining, leading to cost savings and increased production efficiency. The analysis revealed that TMP fibers from the mixed chips contained more fines but similar fiber length and lower shive contents compared to the pine chips. The bulk properties and tensile strength of TMP from both chip types were comparable. Interestingly, TMP from the mixed chips exhibited a 2% higher tear strength and lower pitch content than TMP from the pine chips. These findings suggest that the mixed wood chips from nematode-infested areas can be a viable, sustainable, and cost-effective alternative for TMP production, supporting raw material stability and sustainable forest management while mitigating the impact of pine wilt disease. - COLLAPSE
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Research Article
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Improvement of Carbon Black Retention in Wet-end Part for Manufacturing Fruit Bag Base Paper with High Light Blocking Property
높은 광차단성 과일봉지 원지 생산을 위한 카본블랙의 보류 향상을 위한 연구
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Sung Gyu Park, Ji Hyun Tak, Min Seo Kim, Ji Soo Lee, Ji Young Lee, Jun Sik Ha
박성규, 탁지현, 김민서, 이지수, 이지영, 하준식
- In this study, we evaluated carbon black's adsorption properties and high fixation conditions for improving the lightproof base paper for fruit bags. …
- In this study, we evaluated carbon black's adsorption properties and high fixation conditions for improving the lightproof base paper for fruit bags. Carbon black is a black pigment that has been used in fruit bags to improve lightproof. Particle size and zeta potential of carbon black were measured. The fiber properties of old newsprint, feed bag, and kraft paper used to manufacture hand sheets were analyzed. Hand sheets were prepared by changing the carbon black dosage and the stirring time after addition. The carbon black had a negative charge and a smaller particle size than other fillers used in the papermaking process. However, through SEM images, we observed that carbon black particles are agglomerating with each other. The fiber length and fiber width of kraft paper were greater than those of other pulps, but the fines content of kraft pulp was less than that of feed bag. Carbon black dosage and stirring time were set to 8, 12, 16, and 20% and 2, 10, and 30 minutes, respectively. As the carbon black dosage and stirring time increased, the L* value of the hand sheets decreased. However, it was confirmed that the L value hardly changed when the carbon black dosage and stirring time increased beyond a certain level. As a result of comparing the L* values for each type of pulp, the L* value of the feed bag decreased the most. These results suggested that fiber properties affect carbon black adsorption. Therefore, if the carbon black dosage and stirring time are increased to a certain level and the fiber properties are taken into consideration, it is expected that the lightproof of fruit bags can be improved. - COLLAPSE
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Improvement of Carbon Black Retention in Wet-end Part for Manufacturing Fruit Bag Base Paper with High Light Blocking Property
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Research Article
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Production, Purification and Decolorization of Microbial Levan Using Fallen-Leaves Extract Medium
낙엽추출물 배지를 이용한 미생물 레반의 생산, 정제 및 탈색
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Sangjun Lee, Hyunjun Ko
이상준, 고현준
- Fallen leaves are often viewed as nuisance unused forest biomass, contributing to wildfire risks and sewer blockages. However, they also present a …
- Fallen leaves are often viewed as nuisance unused forest biomass, contributing to wildfire risks and sewer blockages. However, they also present a valuable resource for producing high-value-added products. In a previous study, we demonstrated the economic feasibility of cultivating Pseudomonas species microorganisms using a hardwood fallen leaf extract (HLE)-based medium. This study focuses on further utilization of the HLE medium to produce levan, a functional natural polymer, by addition of sucrose as a carbon source and cultivation of Pseudomonas chlororaphis. Over a 72-hour cultivation, the cell growth-dependent levan production was monitored, resulting in a yield of 7.1 g/L from 19.6 g/L of sucrose (36.7% conversion yield). The crude levan was purified through a straightforward filtration process. However, the purified levan exhibited a dark-brown color due to the inherent pigmentation of the HLE, which could limit its industrial applications. To address this, we conducted decolorization experiments using eight different materials, with activated charcoal designed for water treatment showing the highest efficacy. Under the optimal decolorization conditions, the produced levan achieved a clear, colorless appearance. Taken together, this study confirms the industrial feasibility of using fallen leaf-based media for the production of high-value bioproducts like levan. - COLLAPSE
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Production, Purification and Decolorization of Microbial Levan Using Fallen-Leaves Extract Medium
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Research Article
- Characterization of Chemi-thermomechanical Pulping Using Mixed Wood Chips from Pinewood Nematode-Infected Forests
- Hyeong-Hun Park, Chul-Hwan Kim, Tae-Gyeong Lee, Ju-Hyun Park, Min-Sik Park, Jae-Sang Lee, Sung-Hyeon Jeong
- The study compared the properties of CTMP prepared from pine chips and mixed chips sourced from clear-cut forests in nematode-infested areas in …
- The study compared the properties of CTMP prepared from pine chips and mixed chips sourced from clear-cut forests in nematode-infested areas in Korea. Key findings include that pine chips required higher refining energy and exhibited lower stock throughput, indicating greater processing difficulty compared to mixed chips. CTMP from mixed chips showed slightly longer fiber length and lower fines content post-refining, suggesting better refining efficiency. No significant difference in shive contents was observed between the two CTMP sources, indicating similar effectiveness in fiber separation. CTMP from mixed chips exhibited better bulk, enhancing the absorbency and softness of the final paper products, and higher tensile strength, making it suitable for durable paper applications. Tear strength was comparable between the two sources, despite slight fiber length differences. Both CTMP types showed no significant difference in optical properties, ensuring consistent visual quality. Additionally, lower pitch number and area in CTMP from mixed chips improved pulp cleanliness and processing efficiency. Overall, mixed chips from nematode-infested mountains in Korea provide significant advantages in energy efficiency, fiber quality, and pitch content, making them valuable raw materials for CTMP production. It can be emphasized that the use of these mixed chips can enhance the economic and environmental sustainability of the pulp and paper industry in Korea. - COLLAPSE
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Research Article
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Analysis of Mixing Ratio of Used Beverage Cartons in Unsorted KOCC and Recycled Material Flow
미선별 골판지 자원의 압축 베일 내 종이팩 혼입률 및 재활용 물질 흐름 분석
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Kwang Seob Lee, Kwang Jin Kim, Kyoung-Hwa Choi, Cheol Woo Lee, Jeong-Yong Ryu
이광섭, 김광진, 최경화, 이철우, 류정용
- This study analyzed the mixing ratio of Gable top cartons and Aseptic cartons in unsorted KOCC bales received by a corrugated container …
- This study analyzed the mixing ratio of Gable top cartons and Aseptic cartons in unsorted KOCC bales received by a corrugated container base paper mill and material flow on the recycling process. As a result, it was found that 0.47% of Gable top cartons and 0.23% of Aseptic cartons were mixed in unsorted KOCC bales, and a total of 0.70% of used beverage cartons were mixed in the recycling process. As of 2021, approximately 39,000 metric tons of used beverage cartons were included in unsorted KOCC and delivered to paper mill, which is approximately 54% of beverage cartons output. In addition, while the Gable top cartons were rejected without disintegration after pulping, the paper layer of the Aseptic cartons were disintegrated, and only the polyethylene/aluminum layers(Poly-Al) were rejected. It is estimated that 70% of the weight of Aseptic cartons, specially the paper layers, entering companies for corrugated paper are recycled as raw materials for producing corrugated container base paper. This is approximately 44 ~ 55% of the total Aseptic cartons output, and the total quantity of paper layer is estimated to be approximately 7,000 ~ 8,000 metric tons/year. - COLLAPSE
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Analysis of Mixing Ratio of Used Beverage Cartons in Unsorted KOCC and Recycled Material Flow
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Research Article
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Effect of Vibration in Forming Tank of WEPS on Retention, Drainage, and Formation of Handsheets
WEPS의 탈수 시 포밍탱크의 진동이 수초지의 보류와 탈수, 지합에 미치는 영향
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Cheol Woo Lee, Kwang Seob Lee, Kyoung Hwa Choi, Jeong-Yong Ryu
이철우, 이광섭, 최경화, 류정용
- In this study, the effects of the intensity of vibrations applied to the forming fabric during the WEPS sheet forming process, which …
- In this study, the effects of the intensity of vibrations applied to the forming fabric during the WEPS sheet forming process, which involves vacuum-applied dewatering, on the retention, drainage, and formation of hardwood and softwood pulp stocks were explored. It was found that as the intensity of vibrations increased during the WEPS sheet forming, the drainage of hardwood pulp stock improved, while the drainage of softwood pulp stock deteriorated. Although the changes in retention and formation of hardwood pulp were minimal, significant improvements in the retention and formation of softwood pulp were observed. Specifically, in the case of hardwood pulp, introducing vibrations during vacuum dewatering delayed the initial consolidation of wet web and improved drainage without greatly affecting retention and formation. For softwood pulp, which typically has poor formation and high wet web density, introducing vibrations improved retention and formation but could lead to a decrease in drainage efficiency. Given that the traditional CSF values measured to predict pulp drainage efficiency are not suitable for representing drainage in actual papermaking machines, it was confirmed that comprehensive analysis of retention, drainage, and formation should be conducted by introducing vibrations during vacuum dewatering in laboratory-scale papermaking experiments simulating actual field conditions using WEPS. - COLLAPSE
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Effect of Vibration in Forming Tank of WEPS on Retention, Drainage, and Formation of Handsheets
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Research Article
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Stability Evaluation of the Coloring Layer of Orpiment Used in Traditional Dancheong
전통단청에 사용된 석황의 채색층 안정성 평가
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Yu-Ju Lee, Tae-Ho Choi
이유주, 최태호
- The yellow pigments employed in traditional Dancheong have been documented as Seokjahwang, Seokwoonghwang, Donghwang, and Danghwang in the Yeonggeon …
- The yellow pigments employed in traditional Dancheong have been documented as Seokjahwang, Seokwoonghwang, Donghwang, and Danghwang in the Yeonggeon Dogam Uigwe from the 17th to 20th centuries. Component analysis of the yellow pigment used in Dancheong within the palace during the 19th and 20th centuries confirmed the presence of arsenic sulfide compounds. National heritage restoration efforts should focus on accurately recreating artifacts using traditional techniques and materials historically employed. To effectively use orpiment, which was historically employed in Dancheong, for the restoration of national heritage, it is crucial to form a stable coloring layer by examining discoloration and determining appropriate concentration of glue solution in glue sizing treatment and binder. To evaluate the stability of the orpiment coloring layer, glue sizing treatment and Noerok-celadonite painting were first applied to the samples, followed by coloring with orpiment, malachite, and lead white at binder concentrations of 3.0%, 6.0%, and 9.0%, respectively. The samples were then subjected to accelerated aging and outdoor exposure tests. Orpiment, characterized by a wide particle size distribution and a finely layered structure with numerous voids, exhibited a higher ratio of pigment to glue solution compared to malachite and lead white. With a higher concentration of the glue solution in the glue sizing treatment, the pores in the wood surface were more effectively filled, resulting in a more stable coloring layer formed on top. However, increasing the amount of alum in the glue-alum sizing solution led to poorer color fastness, whereas a higher concentration of glue solution in the binder resulted in improved color fastness. The glue film surrounding the orpiment particles initially demonstrated a preservation effect; however, during the wet-dry accelerated aging and outdoor exposure tests, the glue film deteriorated due to moisture, resulting in discoloration and flaking. In addition, lead sulfide (PbS) is suspected to have formed at the interface between the orpiment and lead white coloring surfaces, while copper sulfide (Cu2S) is hypothesized to have developed at the interface between the orpiment and malachite coloring surfaces, potentially resulting in a dark brown discoloration. Under UV accelerated aging, the surface layer of the orpiment coloring degraded to a lighter color and showed the poorest color fastness. In contrast, the dry accelerated aging showed the best color fastness. - COLLAPSE
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Stability Evaluation of the Coloring Layer of Orpiment Used in Traditional Dancheong
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Research Article
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Effect of Cellulose Concentration and Drying Method on Properties of Cellulose Beads
셀룰로오스 농도와 건조 방법이 셀룰로오스 비즈 특성에 미치는 영향
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Se-Young Oh, Byoung-Uk Cho
오세영, 조병욱
- The high degree of polymerization (DP) of cellulose of chemical pulps results in a high viscosity of cellulose solution, which has restricted …
- The high degree of polymerization (DP) of cellulose of chemical pulps results in a high viscosity of cellulose solution, which has restricted its use in concentrations above 4% for preparation of cellulose beads via a dropping method. In this study, cellulose fibers with a reduced DP (about 400) were prepared using mechano-chemical pretreatments, allowing the concentration of cellulose solutions to increase up to 10%. The effects of cellulose concentration and drying methods (oven-drying and freeze-drying) on the properties of cellulose beads, produced via the dropping method, were investigated. The results showed that as the cellulose concentration increased, the strength increased and the internal structure became denser. Freeze-drying facilitated the formation of a honeycomb-like porous internal structure within the beads, especially at lower cellulose concentrations. However, at higher cellulose concentrations, even in freeze-drying, the internal structure of the beads became denser. The findings suggest that manipulating the concentration of the cellulose solution and selecting appropriate drying methods can tailor the internal structure and mechanical properties of the cellulose beads, making them suitable for a wide range of industrial applications. - COLLAPSE
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Effect of Cellulose Concentration and Drying Method on Properties of Cellulose Beads
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Research Article
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Effect of Acetone, Ethanol, Benzene and THF Washing Treatment on the Gas Grafting Hydrophobization Efficiency of Recycled Newspaper by Palmitoyl Chloride
아세톤, 에탄올, 벤젠 및 THF 세척 처리가 재생 신문지의 Palmitoyl Chloride에 의한 기상 소수화 효율에 미치는 영향
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Jee Woong Rim, Mi Hee Lee, Yun Yeong Kwak, Ji Ui Hong, Jeong-Yong Ryu
임지웅, 이미희, 곽윤영, 홍지의, 류정용
- Paper is an eco-friendly material that can replace plastic, especially as environmental pollution worsens. Made from hydrophilic cellulose fiber, paper is easy …
- Paper is an eco-friendly material that can replace plastic, especially as environmental pollution worsens. Made from hydrophilic cellulose fiber, paper is easy to recycle but vulnerable to moisture. To address this, a grafting treatment was performed to impart hydrophobicity by reacting gaseous fatty acid chlorides with cellulose hydroxyl groups to form an ester bond. However, paper composed of recycled fibers has low gas graft hydrophobization efficiency with fatty acid chlorides. In this study, we investigated whether the gas graft hydrophobization reaction efficiency could be improved by washing recycled newspaper with four types of organic solvents: acetone, alcohol, benzene, and tetrahydrofuran (THF). The experiment results showed that washing handsheets made from deinked newspaper stock with these solvents did not improve gaseous hydrophobization efficiency. Similarly, washing the newspaper itself with the four different solvents did not enhance the efficiency. Therefore, it is concluded that the decrease in gas grafting hydrophobization efficiency of recycled paper is not due to foreign substances that can be dissolved in organic solvents covering the fiber surface. - COLLAPSE
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Effect of Acetone, Ethanol, Benzene and THF Washing Treatment on the Gas Grafting Hydrophobization Efficiency of Recycled Newspaper by Palmitoyl Chloride
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Research Article
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Analysis of Fiber Orientation of Paper using Pilot Machine with Open Headbox (II): Effect of Drainage Vacuum Pressure and Wire Speed
오픈 헤드박스형 파일럿 초지기의 섬유 배향 분석(2): 탈수 진공압 및 와이어 속도에 따른 영향
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Kyoung-Hwa Choi, Kwang Seob Lee, Cheol Woo Lee, Jeong-Yong Ryu
최경화, 이광섭, 이철우, 류정용
- In this study, it was explored whether it is possible to improve the fiber orientation of paper by controlling the drainage speed …
- In this study, it was explored whether it is possible to improve the fiber orientation of paper by controlling the drainage speed and machine speed during papermaking using a pilot scale wet-web forming machine having open type headbox. After preparing paper specimens by adjusting the vacuum pressure of the web-forming table or the wire speed of wet-web forming machine, the physical properties of each paper specimen, such as grammage, formation, tensile strength (CD, MD), were measured and compared. As the dewatering vacuum pressure of the web-forming table increased, the fiber orientation of the paper decreased. While, the fiber orientation of the paper significantly increased with increasing the wire speed. It was found that it is possible to improve the fiber orientation of the paper caused by high-speed operation by controlling the dewatering conditions. - COLLAPSE
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Analysis of Fiber Orientation of Paper using Pilot Machine with Open Headbox (II): Effect of Drainage Vacuum Pressure and Wire Speed
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Research Article
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A Reproduction and Study on the Printability of ‘Gojeong-ji’ from the Early Joseon Dynasty
조선전기 고정지의 재현·제작과 인쇄적성에 관한 연구
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Sunhyoung Lee, Dongho Kim, Sanghyun Lee
이선형, 김동호, 이상현
- This study analyzes paper characteristics and printability by reproducing ‘Gojeong-ji’ from the early Joseon Dynasty. By referring to existing relics, literature, and …
- This study analyzes paper characteristics and printability by reproducing ‘Gojeong-ji’ from the early Joseon Dynasty. By referring to existing relics, literature, and previous studies, ‘Dak-ji(Paper mulberry)’, ‘Gojeong-ji(Mixed paper mulbarry & Rice straw) and Gojeong baekto-ji(White clay in Gojeong-ji) were prepared. It was confirmed that the white clay, which is a filler, affects density and thickness, whiteness and opacity, and that the mixture of rice straw and paper mulberry fibers affects the decrease in strength. As a result of checking the printability by the area ratio of the extracted ink, the order of excellent printability is ‘Dak-ji’, ‘Gojeong baekto-ji’, ‘Gojeong-ji’. When printing ink by paper, the deviation was small in the order of ‘Gojeong baekto-ji’, ‘Gojeong-ji’, ‘Dak-ji’. This is because white clay used as a filler created a uniform background and affected the improvement of printability. - COLLAPSE
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A Reproduction and Study on the Printability of ‘Gojeong-ji’ from the Early Joseon Dynasty
Journal of Korea TAPPI
