Analysis of Sizing Behavior and Chemical Characteristics of AKD in Paper Using Infrared Spectroscopy

Soon Wan Kweon; Yong Ju Lee; Jae Hyeop Kim; Ji Eun Cha; Ji Min Lee; Hyoung Jin Kim

doi:10.7584/JKTAPPI.2023.6.55.3.60

All Issue

2023 Vol.55, Issue 3 Preview Page

Original Paper

Analysis of Sizing Behavior and Chemical Characteristics of AKD in Paper Using Infrared Spectroscopy 적외선 분광분석법을 활용한 지층 내 AKD 사이징 거동 및 화학적 특성 분석

30 June 2023. pp. 60-68

PDF XML

Abstract

Alkyl ketene dimer (AKD) is known for their relatively low hydrolysis rates and superior emulsion stability compared to Alkenyl succinic anhydride (ASA) due to their long alkyl chain length and lack of exposed lactone rings. However, these characteristics can also hinder its reactivity with cellulose, leading to limitations in sizing performance. Therefore, a complementary approach is necessary to address these challenges. This study aimed to investigate the chemical properties and sizing behavior of AKD based on its fatty acid content, utilizing infrared spectroscopy and principal component analysis. The results showed that samples with lower fatty acid content exhibited superior sizing performance in terms of size press retention. The spectroscopic analysis using IR indicated that the molecular properties of cellulose, including OI(oxidation index), HBI(hydrogen bond intensity) and TCI(total crystallinity index), may contribute to the observed sizing behavior in relation to sizing degree and reaction rate. The principal component analysis revealed the key factors influencing the sizing performance of AKD based on the fatty acid content, and it confirmed the chemical structural changes in paper associated with cellulose reactivity. These findings are expected to serve as fundamental information for future size press development and quality control efforts.

Keywords

Alkyl ketene dimer (AKD)

Fatty acid

chemometrics

sizing performance

ATR-IR

principal component analysis (PCA)

References

Khwaldia, K., Arab-Tehrany, E., and Desobry, S., Biopolymer coatings on paper packaging materials, Comprehensive Reviews in Food Science and Food Safety 9:82-91 (2010). 10.1111/j.1541-4337.2009.00095.x

Shin, Y. D., Seo, W. S., and Cho, N. S., Behavior of AKD in AKD-sizing paper by heating treatment during ageing, Journal of Korea TAPPI 39(1) (2007).

Crouse, B. and Wimer, B, Alkaline sizing: overview, 1990 Neutral/Alkaline Papermaking Short Course, TAPPI Press, pp.5-38 (1990).

Wiley, T., Converting to alkaline: U.S. fine paper and board mills step up pace, Pulp and Paper, 62(12):43-45 (1989). 10.2115/fiber.45.12_P543

Abell, S., Alkaline papermaking and rosin size, 1985 Alkaline Papermaking Conference, TAPPI Press, pp.31-36 (1985).

Kim, B. Y., Alkaline sizing of TMP with AKD, Journal of Korea TAPPI 34(1) (2002)

Bottorff, K. J., AKD sizing mechanism: a more difinitive description, Tappi Journal 77:105- 116 (1994).

Seo, W. S. and Cho, N. S., Effect of water contents on Cellulose/AKD reaction. Appita J. 58(2):122 (2005).

Lili, M., Park, J. Y., and Kim, H. J., Stability of fatty acid-containing AKD emulsions and sizing performance on handsheets, Journal of Dispersion Science and Technology 41(9):1410- 1415 (2020). 10.1080/01932691.2019.1623686

Min, C. K. and Shin, D. S., A quantitative analysis method for studing AKD hydrolysis, Journal of Korea TAPPI 30(3) (1998).

Kim, K. J. and Eom, T. J., Classification of papers using IR and NIR spectra and principal component analysis, Journal of Korea TAPPI 48(1):34-42 (2016). 10.7584/ktappi.2016.48.1.034

Kang, K. H., Kim, J. H., and Kim, K. J., Analysis of classification characteristics of Americas P&W paper using the infrared spectroscopy P&W and principal component analysis, Journal of the Korea Data & Information Science Society 32(6):1195-1204 (2021). 10.7465/jkdi.2021.32.6.1195

Kim, K. J. and Eom, T. J., Study on the aging characteristics of paper with principal component analysis, Journal of Korea TAPPI 48(6):144-149 (2016). 10.7584/JKTAPPI.2016.12.48.6.144

Lee, Y. J., Kim, J. H., and Kim, K. J., Application of infrared spectroscopy to analyze the degree of substitution in acetylated wood powder, Journal of Korea TAPPI 54(4):19-24 (2022). 10.7584/JKTAPPI.2022.08.54.4.19

Lee, Y. J., Cha, J. E., Kang, N. Y., Kim, J. H., and Kim, H. J., Application of spectroscopy to analyze the degree of substitution of carboxymethyl cellulose, Journal of Korea TAPPI 55(1):103-111 (2023). 10.7584/JKTAPPI.2023.2.55.1.103

Kim, K. J. and Eom, T. J., Ageing behavior of beeswax coated Hanji (I) - Thermal ageing test of beeswax coated Hanji, Journal of Korea TAPPI 42(2):46-52 (2010).

Colom, X., Carrillo, F., Nogués, F., and Garriga, P., Structural analysis of photodegraded wood by means of FTIR spectroscopy, Polymer Degradation and Stability 80(3):543-549 (2003). 10.1016/S0141-3910(03)00051-X

Kalutskaya, E. P. and Gusev, S. S., An infrared spectroscopic investigation of the hydration of cellulose, Polymer Science U.S.S.R. 22(3):550- 556 (1980). 10.1016/0032-3950(80)90378-0

Liang, C. Y. and Marchessault, R. H., Infrared spectra of crystalline polysaccharides (I): Hydrogen bond in native cellulose, Journal of Polymer Science Part A: Polymer Chemistry 37(132):385-395 (1959). 10.1002/pol.1959.1203713209

Široky, J., Blackburn, R. S., Bechtold, T., Taylor, J., and White, P., Attenuated total reflectance fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy analysis of crystallinity changes in lyocell following continuous treatment with sodium hydroxide, Cellulose 17(1):103-115 (2010). 10.1007/s10570-009-9378-x

Schwanninger, M., Rodrigues, J. C., Pereira, H., and Hinterstoisser, B., Effects of shorttime vibratory ball milling on the shape of FT-IR spectra of wood and cellulose, Vibrational Spectroscopy 36(1):23-40 (2004). 10.1016/j.vibspec.2004.02.003

Fengal, D., Influence of water on the OH valency range in deconvoluted FTIR spectra of cellulose, Holzforschung 47(2):103-108 (1993). 10.1515/hfsg.1993.47.2.103

Savitzky, A. and Golay, M. J. E., Smoothing and differentiation of data by simplified least squares procedures, Analytical Chemistry 36(8): 1627-1639 (1964). 10.1021/ac60214a047

Karademir, A., Hulya, V., Kaeahan, S., and Sami, I., Adsorption of Sizing Emulsion on Various Cellulose Fibres, provided by International Burch University. pp. 780-786 (2010).

Fahey, L. M., Nieuwoudt, M. K., and Harris, P. J., Predicting the cell-wall compositions of Pinus radiata (radiata pine) wood using ATR and transmission FTIR spectroscopies, Cellulose 24:5275-5293 (2017). 10.1007/s10570-017-1506-4

Horikawa, Y., Hirano, S., Mihashi, A., Kobayashi, Y., Zhai, S., and Sugiyama, J., Prediction of lignin contents from infrared spectroscopy: chemical digestion and lignin/biomass ratios of cryptomeria japonica, Applied Biochemistry and Biotechnology 188:1066-1076 (2019). 10.1007/s12010-019-02965-830783948

Information

Publisher :Korea Technical Association of The Pulp and Paper Industry
Publisher(Ko) :한국펄프종이공학회
Journal Title :Journal of Korea TAPPI
Journal Title(Ko) :펄프종이기술
Volume : 55
No :3
Pages :60-68
Received Date : 2023-06-05
Revised Date : 2023-06-23
Accepted Date : 2023-06-27
DOI :https://doi.org/10.7584/JKTAPPI.2023.6.55.3.60

Journal of Korea TAPPI ISSN:0253-3200(Print) 펄프종이기술

All Issue